This article describes an interesting overflow bug in the ELF hash function.

The System V Application Binary Interface (generic ABI) specifies the ELF object file format. When producing an executable or shared object file needing a dynamic symbol table (.dynsym), a linker generates a .hash section with type SHT_HASH to hold a symbol hash table. A DT_HASH tag is produced to hold the address of .hash.

The hash table is used by a dynamic loader to perform symbol lookup (for dynamic relocations and dlsym family functions). A detailed description of the format can be found in ELF: symbol lookup via DT_HASH.

Other use cases

In a Solaris Version Definition Section, vd_hash holds a value generated using the ELF hash function. The GNU symbol versioning scheme inherits this field from Solaris. Dynamic loaders use this field to accelerate symbol lookup of versioned symbols.

Given such a small number of version definitions, even if a dynamic loader implementation has a bug, the overflow bug described below is very unlikely to cause any problems.

Overflow bug

The generic ABI gives the following code fragment in "Figure 5-13: Hashing Function".

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unsigned long
elf_hash(const unsigned char *name)
{
	unsigned long	h = 0, g;
	while (*name)
	{
		h = (h << 4) + *name++;
		if (g = h & 0xf0000000)
			h ^= g >> 24;
		h &= ~g;
	}
	return h;
}

The function is supposed to return a value no larger than 0x0fffffff. h &= ~g clears the 4 highest bits in a 32-bit integer. (This isn't a good hash function: the high bits are unnecessarily discarded.)

Unfortunately, there is a bug. When unsigned long consists of more than 32 bits, the return value may be larger than UINT32_MAX. If h is in the range [0x0fffff01,0x0fffffff] in the previous iteration, shifting it by 4 and adding *name may make h larger than UINT32_MAX.

For instance, elf_hash((const unsigned char *)"\xff\x0f\x0f\x0f\x0f\x0f\x12") returns 0x100000002, which is clearly unintended, as the function should behave the same way regardless of whether long represents a 32-bit integer or a 64-bit integer.

It is possible to use 7-bit ASCII characters to trigger the issue. For instance,

• elf_hash((const unsigned char *)"iiiiii\na")) == 100000001
• elf_hash((const unsigned char *)"ZZZZZX+a")) == 100000011
• elf_hash((const unsigned char *)"ZZZZZW9p")) == 100000000

Most ELF operating systems have switched from DT_HASH to DT_GNU_HASH for many years and prefer DT_GNU_HASH for symbol search. We can build a shared object with ld -shared --hash-style=sysv and check whether a dynamic symbol named "ZZZZZW9p" can be bound by relocation resolver/dlsym.

A bug in FreeBSD rtld-elf

If we compile the following C source file and link it with -shared -fuse-ld=lld -Wl,--hash-style=sysv, we get 3 dynamic symbols and a SysV hash table with nbuckets=3. As of April 2023, dlsym(dl, "ZZZZZW9p") returns NULL on FreeBSD.

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void ZZZZZW9p(void) {}
void fn(void) {}

If we link the shared object with --hash-style=gnu or --hash-style=both, rtld-elf will use the GNU hash table (DT_GNU_HASH) and dlsym(dl, "ZZZZZW9p") will return the correct value.

This was just fixed by rtld: fix SysV hash function overflow, prompted by this article. I am so thrilled - my article led to a bug fix within a few hours of my posting it. I did check the FreeBSD source before publishing this article and would have wanted to fix the issue for my own pleasure, but having a FreeBSD developer fix it made me even happier.:)

Project survey

glibc fixed the overflow issue while optimizing the function in April 1995. The two XOR operations were optimized to one in Dec 2011.

binutils-gdb fixed the overflow issue in May 2003. The function has a lovely comment "... Do not change this function; you will cause invalid hash tables to be generated."

musl has had the elegant and efficient implementation since June 2011 (initial check-in of the dynamic linker). It is worth noting that uint_fast32_t is used, so that an architecture can optimize the implementation if the architecture has slow 32-bit integer arithmetic operations.

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static uint32_t sysv_hash(const char *s0)
{
	const unsigned char *s = (void *)s0;
	uint_fast32_t h = 0;
	while (*s) {
		h = 16*h + *s++;
		h ^= h>>24 & 0xf0;
	}
	return h & 0xfffffff;
}

Nathan Sidwell raised the issue for llvm-project and pointed out a bug about using char instead of unsigned char on 2023-04-09.

I asked What if the result of elf_hash is larger than UINT32_MAX? on 2023-04-11.