The Contribution of Us Broadband Infrastructure to GDP: Acknowledgements & References
2024-8-8 04:0:18 Author: hackernoon.com(查看原文) 阅读量:6 收藏

Authors:

(1) Matthew Sprintson

(2) Edward Oughton

Abstract and Introduction

2. Literature Review

2.1 Reviewing Broadband Infrastructure’s Impact on the Economy

2.2 Previous Research into IO Modeling of Broadband Investment

2.3 Context of the Bipartisan Infrastructure Act through Previous Research

3. Methods and 3.1 Leontief Input-Output (IO) Modeling

3.2 Ghosh Supply-Side Assessment Methods for Infrastructure

3.3 Data and Application

4. Results and 4.1 To what extent does the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law allocate funding to unconnected communities in need?

4.2 What are the GDP impacts of the three funding programs within the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law?

4.3 How are the supply chain linkages affected by allocations from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law?

5. Discussion

5.1 To what extent does the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law allocate funding to unconnected communities in need?

5.2 What are the GDP impacts of the three funding programs within the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law?

5.3 How are supply chain linkages affected by allocations from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law?"

Conclusion

Acknowledgements and References

7 Acknowledgements

We thank Tony To for reviewing an earlier version of this manuscript and providing comments.

8 References

Abrardi, L., & Cambini, C. (2019). Ultra-fast broadband investment and adoption: A survey. Telecommunications Policy, 43(3), 183–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.02.005 Af ordable connectivity program. (2023). FCC. https://www.fcc.gov/acp

Alabama Political Reporter. (2023, August 3). Opinion | Alabama’s broadband funding shouldn’t be subject to political overreach. https://www.alreporter.com/2023/08/03/opinion-alabamas-broadband-funding-shouldnt-be-subjec t-to-political-overreach/ Ali, C. (2022). The politics of good enough: Rural broadband and policy failure in the united states | ali | international journal of communication. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15203

Andres, R., Niebel, T., & Viete, S. (2024). Do capital incentive policies support today’s digitization needs? Telecommunications Policy, 48(1), 102646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102646

Appiah-Otoo, I., & Song, N. (2021). The impact of ICT on economic growth-Comparing rich and poor countries. Telecommunications Policy, 45(2), 102082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.102082

Bauer, A., Feir, Donn. L., & Gregg, M. T. (2022). The tribal digital divide: Extent and Explanations. Telecommunications Policy, 46(9), 102401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2022.102401 Bauer, J. M. (2023, April 24). Federal-local realignments of broadband policy and digital equity in the united states. 2023 Urban Affairs Association Conference, Nashville, TN.

Bouzarovski, S., Fuller, S., & Reames, T. G. (2023). Handbook on Energy Justice. Edward Elgar Publishing. Broadband Af ordability. (2023). NCTA. https://www.ncta.com/broadband-affordability Broadband Equity Access and Deployment Program. (2023). BroadbandUSA. https://broadbandusa.ntia.doc.gov/funding-programs/broadband-equity-access-and-deployment-b ead-program Broadband USA. (2016). Broadband Glossary. Broadband Glossary. https://broadbandusa.ntia.doc.gov/sites/default/files/publication-pdfs/bbusa_broadband_glossary. pdf Brookings. (2022, October 4). Why the federal government needs to step up ef orts to close the rural broadband divide. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/why-the-federal-government-needs-to-step-up-their-efforts-toclose-the-rural-broadband-divide/

Brüggemann, P., & Olbrich, R. (2023). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on offline and online grocery shopping: New normal or old habits? Electronic Commerce Research, 23(4), 2051–2072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-022-09658-1

Canfield, C. I., Egbue, O., Hale, J., & Long, S. (2019). Opportunities and challenges for rural broadband infrastructure investment.

Carlsson, R., Otto, A., & Hall, J. W. (2013). The role of infrastructure in macroeconomic growth theories. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 30(3–4), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286608.2013.866107

Chen, Y. P., Oughton, E. J., Zagdanski, J., Jia, M. M., & Tyler, P. (2023). Crowdsourced data indicates broadband has a positive impact on local business creation. Telematics and Informatics, 84, 102035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2023.102035 CNN. (2021, June 9). Broadband: Biden wants to close the digital divide in the US. Here’s what that could look like. https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/09/politics/infrastructure-broadband-digital-divide/index.html Congressional Research Service. (2023). Broadband equity, access, and deployment (bead) program: Issues and congressional considerations. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF12429

Consoli, D., Castellacci, F., & Santoalha, A. (2023). E-skills and income inequality within European regions. Industry and Innovation. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13662716.2023.2230222

Cullinan, J., Flannery, D., Harold, J., Lyons, S., & Palcic, D. (2021). The disconnected: COVID-19 and disparities in access to quality broadband for higher education students. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00262-1

Davis, S. (2023, September 19). Zelenskyy’s U.S. visit comes as Republican opposition to Ukraine aid grows. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2023/09/19/1199503861/zelenskyy-ukraine-aid-republican-congress-shutdo wn-spending

Deller, S., Whitacre, B., & Conroy, T. (2022). Rural broadband speeds and business startup rates. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 104(3), 999–1025. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12259

Deng, X., Guo, M., & Liu, Y. (2023). Digital economy development and the urban-rural income gap: Evidence from Chinese cities. PLOS ONE, 18(2), e0280225. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280225

DeStefano, T., Kneller, R., & Timmis, J. (2023). The (fuzzy) digital divide: The effect of universal broadband on firm performance*. Journal of Economic Geography, 23(1), 139–177. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbac006

Dimitriou, D. J., Mourmouris, J. C., & Sartzetaki, M. F. (2015). Economic impact assessment of mega infrastructure pipeline projects. Applied Economics, 47(40), 4310–4322. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2015.1026591

Duarte, M. E., Vigil-Hayes, M., Zegura, E., Belding, E., Masara, I., & Nevarez, J. C. (2021). As a Squash Plant Grows: Social Textures of Sparse Internet Connectivity in Rural and Tribal Communities. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 28(3), 16:1-16:16. https://doi.org/10.1145/3453862

Duvivier, C., Cazou, E., Truchet‐Aznar, S., Brunelle, C., & Dubé, J. (2021). When, where, and for what industries does broadband foster establishment births? Papers in Regional Science, 100(6), 1377–1401. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12626

Espín, A., & Rojas, C. (2024). Bridging the digital divide in the US. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 93, 103053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2024.103053

Faturay, F., Vunnava, V. S. G., Lenzen, M., & Singh, S. (2020). Using a new USA multi-region input output (MRIO) model for assessing economic and energy impacts of wind energy expansion in USA. Applied Energy, 261, 114141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114141

FCC. (2022). Broadband Speed Guide. FCC. https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/broadband-speed-guide

FCC. (2023). Af ordable connectivity program. https://www.fcc.gov/affordable-connectivity-program Flamm, K., & Chaudhuri, A. (2007). An analysis of the determinants of broadband access. Telecommunications Policy, 31(6), 312–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2007.05.006

Fox. (2020, October 16). Sen. Shelley capito’s “big idea”: Expand broadband access to bring tech jobs to rural america | fox news. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/sen-shelley-capitos-big-idea-expand-broadband-access-to-brin g-tech-jobs-to-rural-america

Galbusera, L., & Giannopoulos, G. (2018). On input-output economic models in disaster impact assessment. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 30, 186–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.04.030

Gallardo, R., Whitacre, B., Kumar, I., & Upendram, S. (2021). Broadband metrics and job productivity: A look at county-level data. The Annals of Regional Science, 66(1), 161–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-020-01015-0

Gellman, D., Gailey, R., Young, A., Silverman, A., & Baldwin, D. (2021). Municipal broadband networks: A model for tribal nations. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3926811

Ghazy, N., Ghoneim, H., & Lang, G. (2022). Entrepreneurship, productivity and digitalization: Evidence from the EU. Technology in Society, 70, 102052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102052

Gopinath, G. (2023, October 27). The temptation to finance all spending through debt must be resisted. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/26f17a3f-2f64-45df-aff2-d0476dd53d42

Gorscak, K. (2023, November 1). Fcc launches inquiry to increase minimum broadband speed benchmark, set gigabit future goal [Press Release]. Federal Communications Commission. https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-398168A1.pdf

Goulas, S., Han, C., & Raymond, M. E. (2021). Alabama broadband for education.

Graves, J. M., Abshire, D. A., Amiri, S., & Mackelprang, J. L. (2021). Disparities in technology and broadband internet access across rurality: Implications for health and education. Family & Community Health, 44(4), 257–265. https://doi.org/10.1097/FCH.0000000000000306

Greenstein, S., & McDevitt, R. C. (2011). The broadband bonus: Estimating broadband Internet’s economic value. Telecommunications Policy, 35(7), 617–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2011.05.001

Grubesic, T. H. (2006). A spatial taxonomy of broadband regions in the United States. Information Economics and Policy, 18(4), 423–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2006.05.001

Gu, J. (2021). Family conditions and the accessibility of online education: The digital divide and mediating factors. Sustainability, 13(15), Article 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158590

Guzman, G. (2022). Household Income: 2021. United States Census Bureau, American Community Survey Briefs. https://test.qycz.org/a/202210/n15303229/web/images/acsbr-011.pdf

Han, L., Wojan, T. R., & Goetz, S. J. (2023). Experimenting in the cloud: The digital divide’s impact on innovation. Telecommunications Policy, 47(7), 102578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102578

Hasbi, M. (2020). Impact of very high-speed broadband on company creation and entrepreneurship: Empirical Evidence. Telecommunications Policy, 44(3), 101873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101873

Healy, G., Palcic, D., & Reeves, E. (2022). Explaining cost escalation on Ireland’s national broadband plan: A path dependency perspective. Telecommunications Policy, 46(1), 102227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2021.102227

Houngbonon, G. V., & Liang, J. (2020). Broadband Internet and Income Inequality. Review of Network Economics, 20(2), 55–99. https://doi.org/10.1515/rne-2020-0042

Hudson, H. E., McMahon, R., & Murdoch, B. (2021, June). Beyond funding: Barriers to extending rural and remote broadband. 23rd Biennial Conference of the International Telecommunications Society, Online Conference/Gothenburg, Sweden.

Hutto, H. D., & Wheeler, M. B. (2023). Tribal and rural digital inclusivity: An examination of broadband access in two neighboring Great Plains states. First Monday. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v28i4.12519

Inoue, H., & Todo, Y. (2023). Has Covid-19 permanently changed online purchasing behavior? EPJ Data Science, 12(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-022-00375-1 Input-Output Data Tables. (2023). Bureau of Economic Analysis. https://www.bea.gov/itable/input-output

Isley, C., & Low, S. A. (2022). Broadband adoption and availability: Impacts on rural employment during COVID-19. Telecommunications Policy, 46(7), 102310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2022.102310

Jimmy, C., & Falianty, T. A. (2021). Managing leverage of infrastructure projects: Aggregate and sectoral risk effect. Journal of Asian Economics, 73, 101284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2021.101284

Jones, R. W. (1968). Variable Returns to Scale in General Equilibrium Theory. International Economic Review, 9(3), 261–272. https://doi.org/10.2307/2556224

Jung, J., & López-Bazo, E. (2020). On the regional impact of broadband on productivity: The case of Brazil. Telecommunications Policy, 44(1), 101826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.05.002

Katz, R. L., Vaterlaus, S., Zenhäusern, P., & Suter, S. (2010). The impact of broadband on jobs and the German economy. Intereconomics, 45(1), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-010-0322-y

Katz, R., & Suter, S. (2009). Estimating the economic impact of the broadband stimulus plan. Columbia Institute for Tele-Information Working Paper, 7.

Kim, J., Park, J. C., & Komarek, T. (2021). The impact of Mobile ICT on national productivity in developed and developing countries. Information & Management, 58(3), 103442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2021.103442

King, J., & Gonzales, A. L. (2023). The influence of digital divide frames on legislative passage and partisan sponsorship: A content analysis of digital equity legislation in the U.S. from 1990 to 2020. Telecommunications Policy, 47(7), 102573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102573

Korostelina, K. V., & Barrett, J. (2023). Bridging the digital divide for Native American tribes: Roadblocks to broadband and community resilience. Policy & Internet, n/a(n/a). https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.339

Koutroumpis, P. (2009). The economic impact of broadband on growth: A simultaneous approach. Telecommunications Policy, 33(9), 471–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2009.07.004

Kroll, K. M. (2023). COVID-19 and Broadband Internet: Historic Government Funding in the Wake of a Global Pandemic Poised to Bridge the Digital Divide. Duquesne Law Review, 61, 283.

Kumar, S. K. A., & Oughton, E. J. (2023). Infrastructure sharing strategies for wireless broadband. IEEE Communications Magazine, 61(7), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.005.2200698

Lai, J., & Widmar, N. O. (2021). Revisiting the digital divide in the covid-19 era. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 43(1), 458–464. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13104

Le-Morawa, N., Kunkel, A., Darragh, J., Reede, D., Chidavaenzi, N. Z., Lees, Y., Hoffman, D., Dia, L., Kitcheyan, T., White, M., Belknap, I., Agathis, N., Began, V., & Balajee, S. A. (2023). Effectiveness of a COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout in a Highly Affected American Indian Community, San Carlos Apache Tribe, December 2020–February 2021. Public Health Reports, 138(2_suppl), 23S-29S. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549221120238

Leontief, W. (1986). Input-output economics. Oxford University Press.

Levin, R., Brown, D., & Bramble, J. (2023). The Moby Bookmobile: Providing Health Education Materials in Wyoming Indian Country. Health Promotion Practice, 24(6), 1142–1144. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248399231176252

Li, Y., Spoer, B. R., Lampe, T. M., Hsieh, P. Y., Nelson, I. S., Vierse, A., Thorpe, L. E., & Gourevitch, M. N. (2023). Racial/ethnic and income disparities in neighborhood-level broadband access in 905 US cities, 2017–2021. Public Health, 217, 205–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2023.02.001

LoPiccalo, K. (2021). Impact of broadband penetration on u.s. Farm productivity (SSRN Scholarly Paper 3790850). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3790850

Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (2004). E-business strategies and internet business models: Organizational Dynamics, 33(2), 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.01.004

Luo, Q., Hu, H., Feng, D., & He, X. (2022). How does broadband infrastructure promote entrepreneurship in China: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment. Telecommunications Policy, 46(10), 102440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2022.102440

Mack, E. A., Helderop, E., Keene, T., Loveridge, S., Mann, J., Grubesic, T. H., Kowalkowski, B., & Gollnow, M. (2022). A longitudinal analysis of broadband provision in tribal areas. Telecommunications Policy, 46(5), 102333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2022.102333

Mack, E. A., Loveridge, S., Keene, T., & Mann, J. (2023). A Review of the Literature About Broadband Internet Connections and Rural Development (1995-2022). International Regional Science Review, 01600176231202457. https://doi.org/10.1177/01600176231202457

Malgouyres, C., Mayer, T., & Mazet-Sonilhac, C. (2021). Technology-induced trade shocks? Evidence from broadband expansion in France. Journal of International Economics, 133, 103520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2021.103520 Mathematical Derivation of the Total Requirements Tables for Input-Output Analysis. (2017). Bureau of Economic Analysis. https://www.bea.gov/system/files/2018-04/total-requirements-derivation.pdf

Mathews, N., & Ali, C. (2023). Desert Work: Life and Labor in a News and Broadband Desert. Mass Communication and Society. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15205436.2022.2093749

Miernyk, W. H. (1966). The elements of input-output analysis. Economica, 33(132), 501. https://doi.org/10.2307/2552761

Mukhalipi, A. (2018). Human capital management and future of work; job creation and unemployment: A literature review. Open Access Library Journal, 5(9), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104859

Nieto, J., Carpintero, Ó., Lobejón, L. F., & Miguel, L. J. (2020). An ecological macroeconomics model: The energy transition in the EU. Energy Policy, 145, 111726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111726

Olanrele, I. A. (2020). Assessing the Effects of Rural Electrification on Household Welfare in Nigeria. Journal of Infrastructure Development, 12(1), 7–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0974930619892742

Oosterhaven, J. (1988). On the plausibility of the supply-driven input-output model. Journal of Regional Science, 28(2), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1988.tb01208.x

Oughton, E., Amaglobeli, D., & Moszoro, M. (2023). Estimating Digital Infrastructure Investment Needs to Achieve Universal Broadband. IMF Working Papers, 2023(027). https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400233623.001.A001

Oughton, E. J. (2023). Policy options for broadband infrastructure strategies: A simulation model for affordable universal broadband in Africa. Telematics and Informatics, 76, 101908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2022.101908

Oughton, E. J., Comini, N., Foster, V., & Hall, J. W. (2022). Policy choices can help keep 4G and 5G universal broadband affordable. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 176, 121409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121409

Oxendine, C. (2023, June 4). Tracking tribal broadband: Bois forte band of chippewa indians. Tribal Business News. https://tribalbusinessnews.com/sections/economic-development/14346-tracking-tribal-broadbandbois-forte-band-of-chippewa-indians

Pelinescu, E. (2015). The impact of human capital on economic growth. Procedia Economics and Finance, 22, 184–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00258-0

Pew Research Center. (2021, April 7). Demographics of internet and home broadband usage in the united states | pew research center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/internet-broadband/

Pipa, A. F., Landes, L., & Swarzenski, Z. (2023). Maximizing new federal investments in broadband for rural america. Center for Sustainable Development at Brookings.

Poliquin, C. W. (2021). The Wage and Inequality Impacts of Broadband Internet. University of California, Los Angeles.

Pradhan, R. P., Mallik, G., & Bagchi, T. P. (2018). Information communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and economic growth: A causality evinced by cross-country panel data. IIMB Management Review, 30(1), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2018.01.001

Prieger, J. E. (2017). Mobile Data Roaming and Incentives for Investment in Rural Broadband Infrastructure (SSRN Scholarly Paper 3391478). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3391478

Prieger, J. E. (2023). Local banking markets and barriers to entrepreneurship in minority and other areas. Journal of Economics and Business, 124, 106108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2023.106108

Rampersad, G., & Troshani, I. (2020). Impact of high-speed broadband on innovation in rural firms. Information Technology for Development, 26(1), 89–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2018.1491824

Rappeport, A., & Tankersley, J. (2023, October 20). U.S. Deficit, Pegged at $1.7 Trillion, Effectively Doubled in 2023. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/20/business/treasury-report-shows-1-7-trillion-deficit.html Records of the Rural Electrification Administration. (1934, 73). National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/221.html

Rodriguez-Crespo, E., Marco, R., & Billon, M. (2021). ICTs impacts on trade: A comparative dynamic analysis for internet, mobile phones and broadband. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 28(5), 577–591. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2018.1519636

Rosston, G. L., & Wallsten, S. J. (2020). Increasing low-income broadband adoption through private incentives. Telecommunications Policy, 44(9), 102020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.102020

Rothschild, L. (2019, September 13). US “digital divide”: How internet access disparities af ect resilience. Global Resilience Institute. https://globalresilience.northeastern.edu/us-digital-divide-how-internet-access-disparities-affect-r esilience/

Schreiner, L., & Madlener, R. (2022). Investing in power grid infrastructure as a flexibility option: A DSGE assessment for Germany. Energy Economics, 107, 105843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105843

Sen, S. S., Alexandrov, A., Jha, S., McDowell, W. C., & Babakus, E. (2023). Convenient = competitive? How Brick-And-Mortar Retailers can cope with Online Competition. Review of Managerial Science, 17(5), 1615–1643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-022-00566-0

Sforza, L. (2023, September 19). Donalds ahead of Zelensky meetings: ‘There’s no money in the House’ for Ukraine [Text]. The Hill. https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4212756-donalds-ahead-of-zelensky-meetings-theres-no-mo ney-in-the-house-for-ukraine/

Shevik, J. (2023, May 5). Broadband Pricing Changes: 2016 to 2022. BroadbandNow. https://broadbandnow.com/internet/broadband-pricing-changes

Shideler, D., & Badasyan, N. (2007). The economic impact of broadband deployment in kentucky (SSRN Scholarly Paper 2113376). https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2113376

Sievers, L., Breitschopf, B., Pfaff, M., & Schaffer, A. (2019). Macroeconomic impact of the German energy transition and its distribution by sectors and regions. Ecological Economics, 160, 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.02.017

Stephens, H. M., Mack, E. A., & Mann, J. (2022). Broadband and entrepreneurship: An empirical assessment of the connection between broadband availability and new business activity across the United States. Telematics and Informatics, 74, 101873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2022.101873

Stockinger, B. (2019). Broadband internet availability and establishments’ employment growth in Germany: Evidence from instrumental variables estimations. Journal for Labour Market Research, 53(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12651-019-0257-0

Tierney, J. M. (2011). From Fantasy to Reality: The Impact of Rural Electrification on the Dairy Farms of West-Central Wisconsin [Thesis]. https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/53693 Tribal Broadband Connectivity Program. (2023). BroadbandUSA. https://broadbandusa.ntia.doc.gov/funding-programs/tribal-broadband-connectivity

UCSB. (2022). B28002: Presence and Types of ... - Census Bureau Table. https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2022.B28002?text=Table+b28002&g=160XX00US5367 167,5367000_050XX00US53063

United States Census Bureau. (2021). Presence and types of internet subscriptions in household. (Table B28002) [dataset]. American Community Survey. https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2019.B28002?q=b28002 University of Alaska. (2024). Cost of Attendance. Cost of Attendance. https://www.alaska.edu/alaska/cost.php US Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2022, May). Alaska—May 2022 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates. Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ak.htm US Census Bureau. (2023). North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/naics/

Valentín-Sívico, J., Canfield, C., Low, S. A., & Gollnick, C. (2023). Evaluating the impact of broadband access and internet use in a small underserved rural community. Telecommunications Policy, 47(4), 102499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102499

Välilä, T. (2020). Infrastructure and growth: A survey of macro-econometric research. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 53, 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2020.01.007

Vincent, C. H., Hanson, L. A., & Argueta, C. N. (2017). Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data

Vu, K., & Nguyen, T. (2024). Exploring the contributors to the digital economy: Insights from Vietnam with comparisons to Thailand. Telecommunications Policy, 48(1), 102664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102664

Walheer, B. (2020). Output, input, and undesirable output interconnections in data envelopment analysis: Convexity and returns-to-scale. Annals of Operations Research, 284(1), 447–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-018-3006-9

Wang, Y., & Wang, N. (2019). The role of the port industry in China’s national economy: An input–output analysis. Transport Policy, 78, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.03.007

Wilson, K. (2023). Local Competition, Multimarket Contact, and Product Quality: Evidence From Internet Service Provision. Review of Industrial Organization. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-023-09928-8

Wolfson, T., Crowell, J., Reyes, C., & Bach, A. (2017). Emancipatory Broadband Adoption: Toward a Critical Theory of Digital Inequality in the Urban United States. Communication, Culture and Critique, 10(3), 441–459. https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12166

Xu, X., Watts, A., & Reed, M. (2019). Does access to internet promote innovation? A look at the U.S. broadband industry. Growth and Change, 50(4), 1423–1440. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12334

Yang, M., Zheng, S., & Zhou, L. (2022). Broadband internet and enterprise innovation. China Economic Review, 74, 101802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2022.101802

Yin, Z. H., & Choi, C. H. (2023). Does digitalization contribute to lesser income inequality? Evidence from G20 countries. Information Technology for Development. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02681102.2022.2123443

Zhang, L., Tao, Y., & Nie, C. (2022). Does broadband infrastructure boost firm productivity? Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China. Finance Research Letters, 48, 102886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.102886

Zhou, F., Wen, H., & Lee, C.-C. (2022). Broadband infrastructure and export growth. Telecommunications Policy, 46(5), 102347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2022.102347


文章来源: https://hackernoon.com/the-contribution-of-us-broadband-infrastructure-to-gdp-acknowledgements-and-references?source=rss
如有侵权请联系:admin#unsafe.sh