Large language models have become ubiquitous across industries, assisting doctors in clinical diagnosis, helping cybersecurity experts understand complex rules, and enabling businesses to engage effectively with customers and craft compelling marketing materials.

However, as these models grow in complexity and capability, so do concerns about bias, fairness, and safety. Biased models can impact decision-making, creating significant challenges in ensuring fairness.

RLHF, or Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback, is an innovative approach to mitigating bias in LLMs. RLHF involves aligning model behavior to better match human values and preferences by incorporating human input in the training process to reduce bias and improve fairness and safety in LLMs. This article explores the critical role of RLHF in reducing AI model bias and enhancing model efficiency and fairness.

The Issue of Bias in LLMs

Bias in large language models primarily stems from the data on which they are trained. These models require vast training data scraped from the internet, social media, and books, where bias is pervasive. For example, GPT-4 is reportedly trained on roughly 13 trillion tokens, which consists of approximately 10 trillion words. Common sources of bias in LLMs are:

• Training Data: The data used to train LLMs reflect societal stereotypes and imbalances. For example, models can inherit and mirror gender, racial, and cultural biases in text data extracted from the Internet.

• Algorithms: Algorithmic bias arises from the intricate interplay of model architecture, algorithms, and data. The choice of algorithm can influence how a model learns from the data. For example, some models might be efficient in specific language patterns and inadvertently favor those patterns.

• Contextual Bias: Bias can also originate from the context in which LLM is deployed. The model can generate different outputs depending on the context of user input.

Mitigating Bias With RLHF

RLHF Workflow

Integrating human feedback, especially in the fine-tuning phase, can address bias in LLMs. Reinforcing learning from human feedback (RLHF) is an advanced technique that stands at the frontier of bridging the gap between artificial intelligence and human intuition. It aims to adjust LLM behavior to better reflect human values and expectations.

Let’s look at how RLHF is incorporated into large language models.

Feedback Collection: Human evaluators interact with a pre-trained LLM and provide feedback that reflects a wide range of human perspectives on responses it generates. They identify and highlight biases, inaccuracies, ethical concerns, etc., in the model outputs. This feedback ensures that model outputs align with diverse human expectations.

Supervised Fine-tuning: The feedback is used to train the model to adjust its outputs more closely to preferred human responses. The model is often trained on datasets containing combinations of prompts and responses rated or selected by the RLHF workforce for their relevance, fairness, accuracy, or desirability. This process is known as supervised learning.

Reward Model Training: This process involves converting qualitative human feedback into a numerical reward signal. With this quantification, human feedback can be integrated into the algorithmic reinforcement learning framework to improve model performance.

Iterative Improvement: Reinforcement learning, with the reward model in place, enables the LLM to refine its response strategy through iterative adjustments and human feedback. This process enables the model to improve its decision-making capability and adapt to changing human preferences or requirements.

Strategies for Bias Mitigation Through RLHF

RLHF can be employed to reduce bias in LLM in different ways, driving accountability and trust in AI systems:

• Designing Effective Feedback Loop: Design structured feedback loops that incorporate diverse human evaluators who can capture a wide range of viewpoints and reduce bias. This diversity will ensure that the feedback represents perspectives of different cultures, genders, and ethnicities. The inclusion of a variety of views enables the model to identify and mitigate biased outputs more effectively.

• Continuous Learning and Adaptation: The RLHF process involves the continuous refinement of the model based on the assessment and ranking given by the RLHF workforce to identify biased responses. Additionally, RLHF empowers LLMs to update their knowledge base from new data and human feedback, aligning it with changing societal dynamics and mitigating biases that may arise over time. This ensures that the model's outputs are more equitable and representative.

• Feedback Calibration: Feedback calibration is an essential aspect of RLHF, which involves monitoring the consistency and comparability of human feedback across different evaluators and making adjustments to ensure it is unbiased and representative. Through regular evaluation and calibration of the feedback process, LLM outputs can be better aligned with ethical standards and societal norms.

• Fairness Audits: Conducting fairness audits during the RLHF training process ensures the identification and addressing of unequal and discriminatory representation in model outputs. Evaluating the representation of different groups in the model’s outputs guides adjustments to training data and processes to promote fairness.

• Bias Mitigation in Model Development: Human feedback on model outputs enables developers to identify and address algorithmic biases.

Other Benefits of RLHF for LLMs

Beyond bias mitigation, RLHF can improve several aspects of LLMs, such as:

Improved Performance: LLMs trained with RLHF are more efficient than those that only learn through reinforcement learning. The inclusion of human feedback in the training process enables models to better understand the complexities of human preferences.

By considering human values and expectations, the model can generate responses that are not only more accurate and coherent but also more closely aligned with human expectations and appropriateness.

Hallucination Reduction: When faced with insufficient or flawed training data, AI models tend to hallucinate, providing inaccurate or misleading information that appears authentic. In other words, models use plausible-sounding words to fill knowledge gaps, but they are inaccurate.

RLHF for LLM training is an effective way to reduce hallucinations. Incorporating human feedback into model training can help correct the model when it provides a biased or inaccurate output or even train the model to say ‘I don’t have information’ or ‘I’m not sure’ instead of giving incorrect information.

How Much Has RLHF Helped LLMs in the Past?

RLHF has addressed several challenges associated with large language models. For example, OpenAI employed the RLHF technique to train InstructGPT models, which outperform their previous GPT models in understanding user intentions, generating accurate results, and minimizing hallucination.

An Openai research suggests the annotators preferred outputs generated by InstructGPT with 1.3 billion parameters over output generated by GPT-3 which was trained on larger training datasets of 175 billion.

Conclusion

Large language models have transformed industries by automating tasks and boosting productivity. However, they are prone to generating biased outputs. Addressing concerns related to model bias and fairness is crucial to ensuring that these advanced AI systems contribute positively to society. RLHF is an ideal and viable technique, enabling LLMs to align with human values and expectations.

By incorporating diverse human perspectives, continuously adapting to new data and societal norms, and employing strategic bias reduction strategies, RLHF can create more equitable and trustworthy AI systems.