Determine Which Type of Business You Are / Are Going to Be / Want to Be

• If you have some or all of the below characteristics, a Delaware C Corporation is likely the way to go:

  • Expect to raise money from outside parties such as venture capital firms or sell your business to a larger company
  • Expect to hire employees and incent them with ownership in your company
  • The easiest, cheapest, and best way to go seems to be to use Clerky or Stripe Atlas and pay the ~$500+ and just be done with it (note we haven’t used these services or tried them, this is solely based on our research. However, Y Combinator backed and uses Clerky for its companies). We won’t spend anymore time detailing this path as this does not describe us

• If you align more with the characteristics below you may want to create an Limited Liability Company (LLC) or S Corporation

  • Expect to be profitable in the near term
  • Have one founder or a limited number of founders / investors who are mostly friends or family Stripe does a good job of explaining the difference of LLCs and C Corporations in more detail.

For LLCs and S Corporations, profits or losses are passed through to the individual owners based on their underlying ownership interests in the company and then each owner is taxed on those earnings (or losses) based on their individual tax rates. For example, if the business revenue was $10, business costs were $5, then $5 dollars of profit would be split between the owners by their ownership amounts. An owner's allocated amount would then be included on their individual tax return.

For a C Corporation, the company itself would pay taxes on any profits or losses, and then if the owners wanted to receive cash from the company, the company would have to pay a dividend to its owners. A C Corporation owner would then have to pay tax on the dividend. This leads to earnings being taxed twice - once at the C Corporation and again to the investor on their dividends. There is also a board of directors structure in a C corporation which differs from a LLC which generally has less requirements.

Ultimately, a business is just an entity, like a person, that can open accounts, take on debt, and interact with other companies. But one nice reason for setting up a business (and doing it correctly) is that it provides some liability protection to the owners and cleanly separates business finances from personal finances.

One more quick note on proper terminology related to LLCs. In an LLC you own "units" and are a "member" versus a corporation where you own shares of stock and are a shareholder or a stockholder. As a shareholder in a corporation you also then have the right to vote your shares to elect a board of directors who then hire management and guide the corporation where the LLC requires less formalities.

Where to Form Your Business?

Once you have decided which type of entity you will be forming you now have to decide where to incorporate. You can incorporate a business in any state, even if you do not live, work, or have an office there. If you are a sole member, or have members in the same state, it may make sense to form the business in your home state.

In our case however, there are two of us located in different states and we were planning on operating an online business with no physical presence. As a result, we decided to form our business in Delaware (even though neither of us live in Delaware). The reason why Delaware is one of the the most popular choices for registering a business is because it has significant historical business legal case law (which makes investors, lawyers, etc. more comfortable that they know how certain legal situations will unfold). Delaware charges a $90 formation fee (for an LLC) and has a $300 annual “tax” beginning at the end of year 1 and each year thereafter to maintain registration. Different states have different annual payment requirements (California being one of the most expensive).

Finally there is the potential to have to register in multiple states if you are "doing business" or have "tax nexus" in a state other than the state in which you formed. We haven't been able to find a good answer on what the definition of "doing business" is just yet, but in our situation when we had our initial conversation with the tax accountant our arrangement of filling in Delaware only for now seemed appropriate. We think that since we are an online business, and do not have a physical store front or office, or have physical product at anytime (software only), we do not need to register in other states, but check back with us next April on that one... It would seem a bit extreme (and prohibitively expensive) for us to have to register in all 50 states, for example, just because we might sell to a customer in one of those states. I can't say we fully understand this yet but the tax accountants were ok with only a Delaware registration. If you have better information or understanding on this point and can tell us what "doing business" actually means please let us know! For reference, if we did have to register our Delaware LLC in another state it is known as a "foreign" registration.

Name Picked? Good, It's Formation Time

Once you have chosen a state to form your business you will need to determine who will be the registered agent. All business must have a registered agent whose address and information is publicly available and is the location where the business is to receive process of service (court documents if the business is sued). You can be your own registered agent (if you have an address in the state you a registering) but then your information (name and address) are in the public record. This is solved by utilizing a paid registered agent service. The paid registered agent service basically serves two purposes:

1. Be the name and address on the publicly available information on your business so you do not have to put your personal information, and
2. Have an online document portal where you will get alerts any time documents are added (so if you were to get sued, the court documents would go to the registered agent's address, and the registered agent would then scan the documents and upload it to the portal for you to view

There are a lot of registered agent services out there but we decided to go with A Registered Agent Inc (Delaware Registered Agent) which after researching a bunch of options seemed to be on the cheaper end of the spectrum and didn't aggressively try to upsell you on every little addition. Unless you absolutely need it, do not pay the extra $50 to expedite your formation. We were formed and had our documents back from Delaware Registered Agent in seven days. They charge $180 for the registration (which would cost $90 if you just did it yourself) and the remainder covers preparation costs, the first year of registered agent services, initial LLC resolutions, and a form LLC operating agreement. Delaware Registered Agent charges $45 each year thereafter for its registered agent services (to use their address and have them scan legal documents for you in the event of legal action).

Now if only there were a decentralized, distributed ledger system for keeping track of business formations and business ownership...

Get Squared Away with the IRS

After you have formed the business the next step is to get squared away with the IRS - that means you need to get an Employer Identification Number ("EIN") (basically a social security number for your business). The online portal is the easiest way to do this and it takes about 10-15 minutes. Strangely the online portal is only available Monday through Friday from 7AM to 10PM - last I checked servers do not need to sleep, so if anyone knows why this is the case we are genuinely curious to know.

The online portal is the equivalent of filling out a form SS-4 on paper and mailing it in, except the online portal takes 10 minutes and you get your EIN number right away. The key items when filling out the form online are the "Type of Entity" and the employment tax liability checkbox. While we were very tempted to register as a "church or church controlled organization" (which enjoy some pretty nice tax exemptions), we went with the default for a multi-member LLC, a partnership. The thing to understand here is now you have an LLC that will be taxed as a partnership for tax purposes. This is what we (and probably you if you're in a similar situation) wanted as this allows us to pass through any profits to each of the members annual tax fillings (and avoid double taxation of a C corporation). We also do not plan to have any employees - it will just be us (the owners / members) running the business - and as a result we made sure to check the employment tax liability checkbox (item 14 on the paper SS-4), we only will need to make one annual employer federal tax return filing on form 944 versus quarterly federal tax returns on form 941. If you were to have employees you'll have to make sure you are withholding the appropriate amount from their paychecks for taxes and file the quarterly form.

LLC Tax Responsibilities

Below we have compiled a summary of the tax forms the LLC will need to file:

• LLC files Form 1065 annually with the IRS - this is just an “FYI” to the IRS by March 15th (since the LLC doesn't pay taxes itself as it is a pass through entity)
• LLC files Form 944 annually with IRS (to file form 944 annually vs. form 941 quarterly you must (i) have less than $1k of wages paid to employees per year, and (ii) check box number 14 on form SS-4 (or the equivalent on the online EIN portal) when filing to get your EIN)
• LLC prepares and provides K-1 statements Form 1041) to its members by March 15th

Member Tax Responsibilities

• Member's will be required to file and pay estimated taxes on 1040-ES a quarterly basis if:

"You expect to owe at least $1,000 in tax for 2018, after subtracting your withholding and refundable credits."

• Members use K-1 (Form 1041) statements to complete their 1040 and Schedule E by April 15th

LLC Operating Agreement

For an LLC, the operating agreement is a document that outlines how the business will operate. It typically includes things like management of the business, ownership, distributions, buyout of other members, disputes, etc. We took the template provided by our registered agent (similar template here) and modified it to our liking and went with that.

The operating agreement is not filed with any government institution or bureau and is signed and kept between members, or if you have a lawyer, the lawyer will usually keep a copy of the documents as well. For reference, we talked to a small business lawyer who offered to write a simple operating agreement for us for $1,500. Perhaps if we start bringing in larger amounts of money at some point in the future we will update the agreement, but for now the modified template works just fine for us. We have some experience and familiarity dealing with operating agreements, but even if you do not, the templates we looked at is probably adequate for just starting out.

You can amend the operating agreement at any time (and depending on how you worded your initial operating agreement you may require unanimous or majority approval of unit holders to amend the operating agreement).

The Money

Now that you are all set on taxes, you should set up a business checking account to accept payments and pay any business expenses such as server costs. Setting up a checking account also proved to be unnecessarily difficult. We wanted to go with a large national bank that was present in both of our home states (recall we are two members in different states) so we tried to get an account at Chase. However after calling and visiting multiple chase branches, we found that they have a policy that requires a business account to be registered in the state in which the branch you are opening the account is located. Since our business was registered in Delaware, but neither of us reside in Delaware and the Chase branches we have access to are not in Delaware, we could not open a business checking account with Chase.

We then tried another national bank and after walking into a branch with all documents from the steps above in hand (formation document, initial resolutions, EIN letter, operating agreement) they weren't sure either if they could open an account for a Delaware LLC since the branch was not in Delaware. They copied our LLC Operating Agreement, formation document, and initial resolutions and said they would check with someone outside the branch and get back to us. The next day they called back saying they could open the account. We did get the account opened but only I was listed on the account since they required my business partner (who is in a different state) to be physically present with me in order for him to be added to the account. Fortunately, he was planning to be in town in a few weeks but this is another hurdle to be aware of. Also, apparently there is such a difference between a personal checking account and a business checking account that it requires a "business banker", whatever that is. There was one occasion were we visited a branch on a weekend only to have no "business banker" available.

Business checking accounts all also somewhat different personal checking accounts. One difference is transaction volume and size. Our account only allows 150 transactions a month (with $0.50 charge for any transactions thereafter). Additionally, our account requires a minimum $1,500 balance in order to avoid a $12 monthly charge. Lastly, if you are working with a lot of cash for some reason (which we of course are not as everything is online) there are maximums and other fees related to cash deposits. So be aware of all the limitations, which are more stringent than personal checking accounts and to us just feel like ways for banks to charge additional little fees because the account is a "business" account. We looked at a bunch of different banks and all have similar types and amount of fees.

Our bank also required us to sign a banking resolution. This is just a legal document signed by the LLC members that officially gives the members authority to open an account for the LLC.

Lastly, now that we have an account set up we need to track the money and each members capital accounts (remember for taxes in the next year, you will need to fill forms that show how much money the LLC made and how it is allocated to its members). We haven't figured out the optimal solution here yet, but it seems Wave might be a good free option based on research (vs. paying monthly fees for some other services).